GLP-1 & Weight Loss Peptides
The GLP-1 / weight-loss peptide class is a family of synthetic analogues of gut and pancreatic hormones that act on appetite-regulating circuits in the brainstem and hypothalamus, on the gut (gastric emptying), and on the pancreas (glucose-dependent insulin secretion). They are the most sought-after peptides in the grey market because the approved products are expensive and often supply-constrained, the weight-loss effect is large and visible, and the investigational agents are not commercially available at all. This creates a specific harm profile: high demand for molecules that have no legal human supply chain, sold as lyophilised powder labelled "for research use only."
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Compounds Covered (6)
Semaglutide (Wegovy/Ozempic/Rybelsus)
A 31-amino-acid GLP-1 analogue with 94% homology to human GLP-1. The most extensively studied weight-loss peptide with landmark cardiovascular outcome data.
Tirzepatide (Zepbound/Mounjaro)
A 39-amino-acid dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist (first-in-class "twincretin"), producing the largest weight loss of any approved medication.
Retatrutide (Triple Agonist)
A triple agonist at GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, showing the largest weight loss ever recorded in a Phase 3 trial — approaching bariatric surgery results.
Cagrilintide (Amylin Analogue)
A long-acting acylated amylin analogue that acts on satiety centres. Used in combination with semaglutide (CagriSema) for enhanced weight loss.
Mazdutide (Dual GCG/GLP-1)
A dual GCG/GLP-1 receptor agonist approved in China for chronic weight management, with notable liver fat reduction.
Survodutide (Dual GCG/GLP-1)
A dual GCG/GLP-1 receptor agonist in late-stage development, showing the strongest liver-fat reduction signal in the class.
Comparison Notes
Semaglutide and tirzepatide are the only compounds with completed cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs). Retatrutide shows the largest weight loss ever recorded in a Phase 3 trial (~28%). For retatrutide, cagrilintide, mazdutide and survodutide, essentially all human data come from industry-sponsored trials in carefully screened populations.
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